(For a more detail on the dispute process, see our prior research ‘ In Search of Scaling: A Guide to L2’ or wait for our next series report for a more in-depth discussion). The party at fault would then be subject to losing a deposit. If a challenge is submitted, then the rollup will enter into a dispute resolution process to identify which party is at fault. If no challenge is issued before the dispute window closes (the “optimistic” case), the transactions are finalized on-chain and are no longer disputable. In contrast, zero-knowledge rollups pay the cost of validation upfront by publishing a succinct validity proof for every state transition posted to the base layer.ĭispute resolution: Optimistic rollups reserve a challenge period (typically 7 days) that enables anyone to challenge the rollup block asserted by the sequencer. Optimistic rollups derive their name because submitted transaction batches are optimistically assumed to be valid by default the cost of validation (i.e., generating a fraud proof) is only paid if the posted data is disputed. The primary difference between the two is their security models, which differ in when the cost of proof generation or validation is paid. Rollups typically come in two forms: (i) optimistic rollups, and (ii) zero-knowledge rollups (or “zk-rollups”). Rollup transactions are routed through a data aggregator (known as a “sequencer”) that executes the transactions off-chain and publishes transaction batches on-chain with a compressed form of the data (called “ calldata”) so that anyone can reconstruct the off-chain transaction history using the available data to determine the correct state of the rollup. The main value proposition of rollups is to minimize the data footprint on Ethereum while preserving the ability to check for fraud. Rollups enable hundreds of transactions to be batched together and published together in a single mainnet block, essentially compressing many transactions into one, thereby offering significant scaling benefits. We will discuss these events in-depth throughout the report. Some of the major growth catalysts for the two rollups this year were Arbitrum’s Odyssey marketing campaign (“Galxe”), Optimism’s token launch and airdrop & grants programs, as well as Optimism’s own Galxe initiative called Optimism Quests. ![]() ![]() A persistent grind lower in spot prices coupled with (and sometimes catalyzed by) spectacular blowups and bankruptcies caused many bull market entrants to flee the ecosystem Midst the turmoil of 2022, though, rollups-specifically Optimism and Arbitrum-have not only weathered the great exodus of capital, but they even experienced persistent growth in usage/activity throughout the year. The events of 2022 shook the confidence of the entire crypto industry – even some longstanding crypto advocates started questioning their beliefs. Part 1 will discuss the major growth initiatives that led to the popularization of Optimism and Arbitrum, review key applications/projects of each ecosystem, and analyze the user activity and engagement levels across both networks. Outlook – key upcoming events and discussion on optimistic rollups relative to broader ecosystem Rollups as a business – focused discussion on their economics & fee structures Technical evaluation – exploring the tech stacks including Arbitrum Nitro & Optimism’s upcoming Bedrock ![]() Growth of these networks and their ecosystems – a look back at 2022 This report is part 1 of a 4-part series focused on Optimism and Arbitrum-the two most popular optimistic rollups on Ethereum.
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